The Euro Currency free essay sample

Portrays the monetary advances which have just been started toward making a bound together European money. At that point subtleties the monetary and political occasions of the previous not many months which have obfuscated the Euros future. Presentation As of late there has been expanding hypothesis that the development towards a solitary money in the European Monetary Union (EMU) will be postponed or even relinquished (Kamm and Steinmetz, 1997). The motivation behind this investigation will be to initially depict the monetary advances which have just been started, both exclusively and all things considered. By the part conditions of the European Union to make a typical money. The conversation will at that point detail the financial and political occasions of the previous scarcely any months which have thrown an improving cover over the probability of an Euro-cash sooner rather than later. The introduction will finish up with certain theories on the probabilities for a typical money in the more extended term just as sum up the natural challenges of financial administration

Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain Term Paper

Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain - Term Paper Example The paper Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain centers around investigation and research about Alfred Stieglitz's photo of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain fine art. Stieglitz set the ‘Fountain’ at the viewer’s eye level, brought it close, and amplified its essence. He further pivoted it somewhat on its hub to set up only a bit of strain, and lit it from better than that it looks significantly secluded against its setting yet additionally hidden, grumpy and baffling. Duchamp’s ‘the Fountain’ is seen through the eyes of Albert Stieglitz. The photo is white in shading that is made of the range of hues. It is made of porcelain which is a cleaned/delicate material. Stieglitz took a standard article, gave it importance by situating it so that its helpful essentialness was eclipsed by the enhanced one with another title and another perspective, along these lines making a totally different idea for that object. Alfred Stieglitz life tra versed from 1864 to 1946. Stieglitz was the most regarded picture taker of his time, and he battled for the acknowledgment of photography as a substantial type of craftsmanship. He is one of the figures who altered the American photography. Brilliant Lint thinks that its difficult to envision the bearing that photography would have taken without the contribution of Stieglitz. He was an advertiser of different people’s works, lighting up them with his photograph works. The ‘Fountain’ was brought to 291, and when it was there it was shot by Stieglitz who was enormously diverted by Duchamp’s ‘Fountain’.

2012 Applicant facts #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

2012 Applicant facts #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA’s diverse student body is one of its greatest attributes. Each year we receive applications from nearly 100 different countries from applicants with varied academic and professional backgrounds. As you await your decisions, we thought it would be fun to post a few entries based on factoids about this year’s applicant pool. This first post has some information on the citizenship of the Fall 2012 applicants. Columbia and SIPA, in particular, has one of the most international student bodies in the world. Columbia University ranks third in the United States in terms of international student enrollment and SIPA commonly enrolls students from more than 100 countries per year. This year applicants for our two-year programs hail from 98 different countries.   This figure, however, does not include U.S. Permanent Residents.   Many Permanent Residents represent countries not reflected in the 103 countries below. Afghanistan Albania Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burma Cameroon Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guinea Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Malawi Mexico Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Nepal The Netherlands New Zealand Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Paraguay Peoples Republic of China Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe

Juvenile Court Vs. Adult - 1452 Words

Nowadays, murders, rapists and other heinous crimes can be committed by anyone. A fourteen-year-old teenager murders someone or does a massacre in school can be often seen from the headline news of newspaper. However, these youth criminals may have much less severe punishment than adults may have who have done the same crime. A criminal is a criminal that must be punished as no difference between adult and youths; especially, the crimes are categorized under murder and rape. A bullet wound just hurt as much when a child as fires the gun as when an adult fires the gun. Therefore, regardless to age, the youths who commit heinous crimes like murder and rape should be charged as adults in a way of the punishment they deserve the same. The difference between juvenile court and adult court have been distinct. The issue has been a controversial one for a long time. The two justice systems, juvenile court and adult court have been long established for decades. Both involve people accused of crimes with the basic individual rights in the court. According to Pacific Juvenile Defender Center, it stated, â€Å"Youth may be held under juvenile court jurisdiction from age 12 until age 21, or until age 25 if he or she is committed to the California division of juvenile justice.† (YLC, 2009) The purpose of juvenile court system was set up for those youths who are not as mature and cannot be held as adults. However, juvenile crimes are becoming more often and heinous, it is necessary to focusShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Vs Juvenile915 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile v. Adult Corrections Juvenile delinquents use to not face police or a correction system, only the fear and punishment of their families. However, as the juvenile delinquents aged they were faced with harsher punishments, but it was not until the 1800s reformers started looking for ways to teach values and built asylum and training schools. Then the concept of parens patriae occurred to establish the right to intervene in a child’s life when there were issues (Siegel, 2016). The next majorRead MoreJuvenile Violent Crime And Juvenile Crime Rates1720 Words   |  7 Pagespunishments as adults, depending on the crime they committed. Punishments even included death if the juvenile was deemed to be past the point of help. Later on courts were geared more towards rehabilitation than punishment. Reform movements came along and parents could send their children off to reformatories to live and work as part of their rehabilitation. Due to poor living and working conditions many of these places were closed down. Soon after the Progressive Era, the first juvenile court system wasRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreEssay on Adult Justice System vs. Juvenile Justice System1145 Words   |  5 PagesAdult Justice System vs. Juvenile Justice System Versus CJ150: Juvenile Delinquency Josh Skaggs There are many similarities and differences between the adult and juvenile justice systems. Although juvenile crimes have increased in violence and intensity in the last decade, there is still enough difference between the two legal proceedings, and the behaviors themselves, to keep the systems separated. There is room for changes in each structure. However, we cannot treat/punish juvenileRead MoreShould The Texas Criminal Justice System Be Legal?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system be able to charge juveniles as adults in trials when faced with serious charges? Prosecutors are using both sides of this argument to their advantage. In Texas, the Juvenile Law states that, â€Å"a juvenile is defined as a person who is not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts.† In order for a juvenile to be tried as an adult, a prosecutor can use one of many ways to go about this. One way prosecutors can proceed, in trying the juvenile as an adult, is by exercising the 2011 SenateRead MoreMaking Poor Decisions : The Sentencing Age For Juveniles1257 Words   |  6 Pageswhat happens when making a poor decision results in unforeseen consequences that can lead to the destruction of an individual’s adult life. For some juveniles, those poor decisions consist of the commission of criminal offenses, which can automatically set them up for failure in their adult lives. P1 P2 Taking the initiative to change the sentencing age for juveniles will help America not only use funds in a more constructive way, but will also help youth learn from their mistakes without beingRead MoreJuveniles and The Death Penalty Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles and The Death Penalty *No Works Cited One of the most controversial issues in the rights of juveniles today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles? For nearly a century the juvenile courts have existed to shield the majority of juvenile offenders from the full weight of criminal law and to protect their entitled special rights and immunities. In the case of kent vs. United states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rightsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741576 Words   |  7 Pagesexploring the internet on juvenile delinquents. We as a class have had many good questions to answer about the different ways juveniles are treated, and what the correct or incorrect treatment is for juveniles. We have written many papers and had many discussion on historical milestones, landmark cases, adult courts, juvenile courts, probation and parole, detention centers and juvenile training programs. This semester has really changed the way that I look at juvenil e delinquents. Three historicalRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Juvenile Justice and Adult Criminal System835 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: JUVENILE V. CRIMINAL 1 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System Ronda Cauchon CJ150-01 Professor Abreu Kaplan University October 9, 2012 JUVENILE V CRIMINAL 2 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System In the earliest of times, juvenile offenders were treated theRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is The Primary System Used991 Words   |  4 Pages The Juvenile Justice System is the primary system used to handle youth who are convicted of criminal offenses. It is just over 100 years old. Over time it has gone through several changes and its unlikely to disappear anytime soon. We as Americans are still trying to find different ways to approach juvenile justice vs. approaching it as adult justice. Throughout most of history, young adults and or children did not have a separate status between juvenile and adults. Once you reached the ages

The Definition Civil Liberties and Some Examples

Civil liberties are rights that are guaranteed to the citizens or residents of a country or territory. Theyre  a matter of fundamental law. Civil Liberties vs. Human Rights Civil liberties generally differ from human rights, which are universal rights to which all human beings are entitled regardless of where they live. Think of civil liberties as rights that a government is contractually obligated to protect, usually by a constitutional bill of rights. Human rights are rights implied by ones status as a person  whether the government has agreed to protect them or not. Most governments have adopted constitutional bills of rights that make some pretense of protecting basic human rights, so human rights and civil liberties overlap more often than they dont. When the word liberty is used in philosophy, it generally refers to what we would now call human rights rather than civil liberties because theyre regarded as universal principles and not subject to a specific national standard. The term civil rights is a near-synonym, but it often specifically refers to rights sought by African Americans during  the American civil rights movement. Some History The English phrase civil liberty was coined in a 1788 speech by James Wilson, a Pennsylvania state politician who was advocating the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Wilson said:   We have remarked, that civil government is necessary to the perfection of society. We now remark that civil liberty is necessary to the perfection of civil government. Civil liberty is natural liberty itself, divested only of that part, which, placed in the government, produces more good and happiness to the community than if it had remained in the individual. Hence it follows, that civil liberty, while it resigns a part of natural liberty, retains the free and generous exercise of all the human faculties, so far as it is compatible with the public welfare. But the concept of civil liberties dates back much further and most likely predates that of universal human rights. The 13th century English Magna Carta refers to itself as the great charter of the liberties of England, and of the liberties of the forest (magna carta libertatum), but we can trace the origin of civil liberties back much further to the Sumerian praise poem of Urukagina at around the 24th century BCE. The poem which establishes the civil liberties of orphans and widows and creates checks and balances to prevent government abuses of power. Contemporary Meaning In a contemporary U.S. context, the phrase civil liberties generally brings to mind the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a progressive advocacy and litigation organization that has promoted the phrase as part of its efforts to protect the authority of the U.S. Bill of Rights. The American Libertarian Party also claims to protect civil liberties but it has deemphasized civil liberties advocacy over the past several decades in favor of a more traditional form of paleoconservatism. It now prioritizes states rights rather than personal civil liberties. Neither major U.S. political party has a particularly impressive record on civil liberties, although the Democrats have historically been stronger on most issues due to their demographic diversity and relative independence from the Religious Right. Although the American conservative movement has had a more consistent record with respect to the Second Amendment and eminent domain, conservative politicians do not generally use the phrase civil liberties when referring to these issues. They tend to avoid talking about the Bill of Rights for fear of being labeled moderate or progressive. As has been largely true since the 18th century, civil liberties are not generally associated with conservative or traditionalist movements. When we consider that liberal or progressive movements have also historically failed to prioritize civil liberties, the necessity of aggressive civil liberties advocacy, independent of other political objectives, becomes clear.   Some Examples If the fires of freedom and civil liberties burn low in other lands, they must be made brighter in our own.  President Franklin D. Roosevelt  in a 1938 address to the National Education Association. Yet four years later, Roosevelt authorized the forcible internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans on the basis of ethnicity.   You dont have any civil liberties if youre dead. Senator Pat Roberts (R-KS) in a 2006 interview regarding post-9/11 legislation.Manifestly, there is no civil liberties crisis in this country. People who claim there is must have a different goal in mind. Ann Coulter in a 2003 column

The Roman Colosseum Free Essays

The Roman Colosseum was built around 70 AD and was opened around 80 AD. The Roman Colosseum is an amphitheatre in the center of rome. It was a gift to the people of roman. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman Colosseum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The colosseum was used as many things such as gladiator battles, execution, drama, animal hunts, mock sea battles. The colosseum is 157 feet tall and covers 6 acres of ground. The Colosseum was also thought to of been designed by many different people, not just one. The Colosseum can hold up to 50,000 people and has 80 or more entrances. The games and even festivals could last up to 100 days at the Colosseum. The Romans would sometimes flood the Colosseum and have miniature naval battles. In the first games held at the Colosseum somewhere around 9,000 wild animals were slaughtered. People think that through all the games held at the Colosseum somewhere around one million animals have been killed and 500,000 people have been killed also. The Colosseum is the most famous tourist attraction site in all of Rome and it gets millions of views every year. In animal games, some animals were wiped out entirely from the face of the earth. One of the animals was the North African Elephant it was also a war animal. The Hippopotamus is not even found in the Nile river anymore because of this. The Hypogeum was the area beneath the Colosseum and it had to levels to it. There were over 32 different animal cages and 80 vertical shafts leading straight to the Colosseum floor. Gladiators were usually slaves but not always, somewhere ex-soldiers trying to show off their ability of fighting. The fighting didn’t always go to the death. There were referees that would stop the fighting after someone was seriously injured. Sometimes they both got to leave the arena if the enthused the crowd. Gladiator battles were originally funeral services. Gladiators didn’t just fight anyone, it was kind of like MMA fighting were the have weight groups, gladiators had classes based off of record, skill, and experience. Some gladiators were women. They fought in the Colosseum same as men did. Although their participation in the gladiator games might have ended somewhere around 200 A.D. In the Colosseum the also did dramas and plays. They did comedy plays and tragedy plays. One actor could play many different characters because they wore mask and would go behind a background and change their mask into a different character. The mask would have different expression on them so the audience knew what how the character was feeling. At first all actors were males and when playing a womens part, they just dressed up like a girl and used a high pitched voice. Their costumes were very dramatic and oversized so they could be seen in the back of the theater. In the theater they also had animal and gladiator battles. They even had animal on animal fights. In one animal on animal fight an elephant picked up a spear with his trunk and stabbed a rhino’s eyes out. One man one time beat 20 different animals in a single battle, they were all lions and bears and leopards. How to cite The Roman Colosseum, Papers

Electricity and Natural Gas Markets †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Electricity and Natural Gas Markets. Answer: Introduction Monopoly is a market where single seller captures the entire market share. Because of maximum market power the monopolist always, exploit resources. In a monopoly market resource allocation and distribution is not done in an efficient manner. There is always a deadweight loss in the resulting market. However, there are situation where presence of a single business firm leads to economies of scale and hence, is best in terms of efficiency in allocation. Such a market is called natural monopoly. It might happen that one firm is able to operate at the decreasing part of average total cost and still satisfies market demand. This is the situation where the production process entails a high fixed cost compared to the variable cost. This is described as the situation of natural monopoly. Dividing natural monopoly market results in rising average cost and hence a higher price in the market. Mostly public utilities such as water service, electricity service are examples of natural monopoly. Natural monopoly possesses a dilemma in public policy designing. Because of presence of economies of scale, natural monopoly entails productive efficiency. If entry is allowed in the market then consumers suffers with a high price. Being a sole supplier in the market the monopoly might be tempted to exploit its monopoly power and earn a higher profit. Therefore, such an unregulated monopoly causes concern. Comparison between monopoly and perfect competition In a perfectly competitive market, there are several sellers and buyers participating in the exchange process. The equilibrium of a single firm occurs at a point where price equals marginal cost in the short run and in the long run price is set at the minimum point of average total cost leaving only normal profit for the firms presents in the industry (Lim Yurukoglu, 2015). The equilibrium in the industry is obtained at the point of intersection between the industry demand and supply curve. The situation is different in a monopoly market. There are no difference between firm and industry in a monopoly market. The industry supply curve becomes marginal cost curve for the monopolist. The monopolist set it price where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The resulted price and quantity in the monopoly market is inefficient in comparison to the competitive market. It is seen that the monopolist sells a lower quantity at a high price as compared to competitive firm (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). This results in loss of welfare to the society known as deadweight loss. This is explained in the following figure. As discussed above existence of monopoly in a pure form is a inefficient form of market. The situation in natural monopoly is quite different. There are markets where allowing competition is not an optimal decision. Public utilities are examples of natural monopoly. Natural monopoly operates at the falling part of average total cost. Because of operating at the left of minimum point of average cost natural monopolists reap the benefit of economies of scales (Lim Yurukoglu, 2014). However, the pricing strategy here leads to ambiguity. Three types of pricing strategy can be observed in a natural monopoly market. Unregulated natural monopoly In a natural monopoly market, the single supplier can behave like a pure monopolist if the market left unregulated. Here, the monopolist set its price by following standard profit maximization condition. The profit maximizing condition indicates price and quantity where marginal revenue and marginal cost curve cut each other. In an unregulated situation profit maximizing monopolist would chose this point at an optimum equilibrium point (Kirzner, 2015). A denotes the point where the natural monopolist operate in the absence of regulation. The profit maximizing price is shown in the above figure is shown as PM. It is obtained corresponding to the point where marginal revenue cuts marginal cost curve. Condition of a competitive form of market is most efficient for the society. The competitive firm set its price at a point where is equalizes with marginal cost. It is called the efficient pricing (Foster, 2014). Point C shows the socially optimum point. PE is the socially efficient price. Corresponding to this the optimum quantity is QE. Price in the efficient condition is less than that that under profit maximization condition. The situation is different from the competitive market. In the competitive market firms operates at the minimum point of average cost. In the natural monopoly, firm operates at the falling part of average cost curve. Hence, natural monopolist fails to recover average cost of production. It the monopolist set its price at his level then a loss will be realized. The loss is indicated by the area of the rectangle PRBCPE. Natural monopolist output when leave unregulated is QM and corresponding price is PM. Socially optimum price is PC and optimum quantity is Qc. Clearly PM is much grater than PC and QM is much less than QC. As the society gets a lower quantity, good at a high price there are huge amount of dead weight loss as shown by the triangle AEC. To make the monopolist operate at the efficient point government has to subsidize for the loss incurred by the monopolist at this point. The additional burden of subsidy may exceed the deadweight loss (Brown, 2017). Hence, the regulators should make some alternatives of price. Price regulation As an alternative, the regulators can set price following average pricing rule. The price here is set at a point where price equals average cost (Makholm, 2015). In the above figure, B denotes this point. Corresponding to this point optimal market quantity is OQR and price is OPR. At this point total revenue earned by the monopolist equals total cost. Hence, if the monopolist operates at this point then only normal profit will be earned. Debate remains whether government should go for a regulatory policy or not (Yurukoglu Lim, 2014). If the policy of regulation fails to give desired return then it might lead to inefficiency in the allocation of resources and results in loss to the entire society. The regulator has two options whether to go for a marginal cost pricing strategy or choose an average pricing strategy. The monopolist will never choose an output level beyond OQR. With a natural monopoly, the monopolist enjoys economies of scale. This means the long run marginal cost curve is below the long run average cost curve. Therefore, pricing strategy based on marginal cost results always incurred loss for the monopolist. The best option for regulator is then to use average cost pricing strategy and set the price equal to its average cost. In this situation, there will be no excess profit (Carvalho Marques, 2014). Here, only profit is realized that is a part of cost. Price cap regulation versus Cost plus regulation Regulators attempt to choose a regulation point like by equalizing price with marginal cost. In order to implement the strategy the regulators use a simple and general approach. They first compute the average production cost of natural monopoly companies like electricity or water companies. In the cost calculation, they include the normal profit rate (Simshauser, 2017). The normal profit is included in order to ensure the fact that the monopolists able to earn a normal profit after the regulation. After calculation of cost, price is determined accordingly. The process of regulating price in this method is called cost plus regulation. Though the method is simple but is has its own shortcoming. The monopoly seller can reimburse for the cost accounted in the production process. The producer gives less care to the issue of high cost. Because the monopolist knows that, the burden of high cost can be pass to the consumers by charging a high price. The regulation through cost plus technique lacks efficiency. It cannot efficiently choose the minimum price for the society (Basso, Figueroa Vsquez, 2017). Once price regulation is undertaken through cost plus method then the monopolist has a tendency to overstate its cost. If the right cost figures are not disclosed then it is not possible to efficiently set the price. There is another factor to be considered here. When price is set equal to its average total cost then the producer lose all initiatives for reducing its production cost. In an unregulated market monopolists tries to minimize cost at least as possible to maximize profit. In fact, in the regulated market monopo list can engage in practice that unnecessarily increase total cost and hence average cost (Puller, 2013). Here, the monopolist can employ a large number of staff even when their marginal productivity is zero. The monopolist can consider expanding its business by undertaking capital projects. Building additional factory or raising its fixed capital cost the monopolist always attempt to maintain a high price in the market (Li et al., 2015). As an alternative to cost plus regulation, the regulators can undertake price cap regulation for a natural monopoly market. The policy began in 1980s and 1990s when policy makers were searching for an alternative to cost pricing technique and implemented price cap regulation. In this technique, the regulators set a fixed price that is independent of the production cost. The monopolist has to this price for a specific period. The price is usually revised with the passes of time (Varian, 2014). Considering the fact that the monopolist enjoys economies of scale, a general downward trend is observed in price revision. As the price is fixed, the monopolist attempts to reduce its profit retain a higher profit margin. If the monopolist able to find some cost efficient production technology then is its profit shares goes up until next revision of price s made. In case the monopolists fail to do so, the profit margin goes down. As a upper cap is fixed on the price this is known as price cap r egulation. If the monopolist fails to offer services at the set price then it suffers loss. In this situation, the monopolist has to wait for the next price revision. The next price revision is made based on firms performance (Dahl, 2015). However, execution of such a policy needs good care. The set price should be a realistic one. If the regulators set an unexpectedly low price then the monopolist cannot sustain with such a low price. Again, the policy fails to work if market condition changes overtime. In times f unexpected shock in the market, cost might be increased and hence the monopolist is unable to offer goods or services at the set cap (Leveque, 2013). However, price cap regulation is superior to cost plus regulation in terms encouraging the monopolist to make greater investment on innovation and thus increasing efficiency. Conclusion The essay discusses price regulation in a natural monopoly market. A competitive market is preferable over a monopoly market. In the monopoly market a lower quantity is sold at high price. As a result, the society suffers from welfare loss. A natural monopoly on the other hand, is a market where a single seller than allowing competition in the industry best serves the market. The natural monopolist always faces a falling average total cost and hence enjoys the benefits of economies of scale. The problem occurs when the natural monopolist behaves like a pure monopolist and charges abnormally high price. In this situation, the government considers regulating price in the monopoly market. The pricing policy used by the regulator is average pricing policy. The regulators cannot choose marginal pricing policy because at this point the monopolist incurs lose. Implementation of such a pricing strategy needs subsidy from the government to recover loss. It is unlikely for the government to in crease unnecessary burden on its budget. Average or marginal pricing policy is considered under the cost plus regulation. However, here the monopolist can still maintain a high price by overstating its cost. Another regulatory practice is in terms of implementing price cap regulation. It is superior in the sense that here the monopolist has a tendency to reduce cost for increasing profit and thus entails greater efficiency. References Basso, L. J., Figueroa, N., Vsquez, J. (2017). Monopoly regulation under asymmetric information: prices versus quantities.The RAND Journal of Economics,48(3), 557-578. Brown, K. C. (Ed.). (2017).Regulation of the natural gas producing industry. Routledge. Carvalho, P., Marques, R. C. (2014). Computing economies of vertical integration, economies of scope and economies of scale using partial frontier nonparametric methods.European Journal of Operational Research,234(1), 292-307. Dahl, C. (2015).International Energy Markets: Understanding Pricing, Policies, Profits. PennWell Books. Foster, J. B. (2014).The theory of monopoly capitalism. NYU Press. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Leveque, F. (Ed.). (2013).Transport pricing of electricity networks. Springer Science Business Media. Li, H., Sun, Q., Zhang, Q., Wallin, F. (2015). A review of the pricing mechanisms for district heating systems.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,42, 56-65. Lim, C. S., Yurukoglu, A. (2014). Dynamic Natural Monopoly Regulation: Time Inconsistency, Asymmetric Information, and Political Environments.Documento de Trabajo, Stanford University. Lim, C. S., Yurukoglu, A. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments.Journal of Political Economy. Makholm, J. D. (2015). Regulation of natural gas in the United States, Canada, and Europe: Prospects for a low carbon fuel. Puller, S. L. (2013). Efficient retail pricing in electricity and natural gas markets.The American Economic Review,103(3), 350-355. Simshauser, P. (2017). Monopoly regulation, discontinuity stranded assets.Energy Economics,66, 384-398. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Yurukoglu, A., Lim, C. (2014). Dynamic Natural Monopoly Regulation: Time Inconsistency, Asymmetric Information, and Political Environments. In2014 Meeting Papers(No. 530). Society for Economic Dynamics.

Aids in Africa Essay

Aids in Africa Essay Aids in Africa Essay Much Ado about Nothing is a comedy play set in a patriarchal time written by Shakespeare. It is based on deception, allusion and finally reconciliation. Don John causes and spread lies that the rest of the characters have to sort out but like most Shakespearean plays, it all end well. The nefarious character has been captured and the non-culpable characters have been righted. Benedick acts very obnoxious and whimsical in the first two scenes by being very immature and narcissistic whereas Beatrice acts very manipulative and witty. However in Act 4 Benedick acts completely different. Firstly Benedick is shown to be more mature in Act 4 scene 1: 'Surely I do believe your fair cousin is wronged' Here Benedick is trying to calm down Beatrice and for once is agreeing that Beatrice's cousin has been 'wronged'. This is very strange because throughout the play Benedick 'skirmish of wit' with Beatrice has involved him acting harshly but now he is acting as a manly figure, by trying to figure out what is happening and he is starting to convince Beatrice that Hero is innocent and that she should not â€Å"weep†. Another example is when Benedict asked Beatrice 'Is Claudio thine enemy'. Here, we can see that Benedick is more mature as he is making Beatrice see and act clearly because Benedick has to make sure what she is doing and that she doesn't react irrationally by asking Beatrice if Claudio is an 'enemy'. By calming and maturely he has started earning the love that Beatrice deserves. After he takes on the task to challenge Claudio, he acted very mature by telling to Beatrice to 'go comfort your cousin’; this is very affective because he uses an imperative. By doing this he is taking a leadership stance, his maturity is also displayed in his caring attitude as he directs Beatrice to look after Hero, who has been emotionally hurt by Claudio words. In contrast to this earlier in the play Benedick was a very immature buffoon by saying 'if signor Leonato be her father, she would not have his head on her shoulders'. Here Benedick is acting immature by insulting Leonato by saying Hero is not his daughter, this is a worse in Shakespearean times because you could not tell who was the father, so Benedick has insulted Leonato. This is very different from Act 4 scene 1 because he takes leadership and tries to work out what is really happening and who is to blame. In the 1993 version, Branagh adds to Benedick's presentation as being more mature through his reactions when Beatrice was crying. He raised his arms and held her back so Beatrice can calm down. This shows an increase of maturity as he takes on the role to calm Beatrice down to stop her acting drastically and the she will listen to him. Secondly, Beatrice is frustrating with her role is demonstrated in Act 4 scene 1: 'O God [†¦] I would eat his heart in the market place' Here Beatrice is using vengeful diatribe towards Claudio when she states that she would 'eat his heart'. This shows that Beatrice wants to get revenge from Claudio for being so nasty to hero and so she sees him as evil. Beatrice wants to complete this horrible task in the 'market place' so everyone can watch of what has become of the Claudio. Beatrice is showed to be frustrated with her by saying ' I cannot be a man with wishing; therefore I will die a woman with grieving'. Here we can see that Beatrice feels upset but she is helpless because she can't do anything about it because 'she will never be a 'man with wishing'. A man, like Benedick is very important to Beatrice because she wants vengeance for what Claudio has done but she needs Benedick to fulfil this task because being a woman she can only 'grieve'. She will never be a woman she will try and manipulate Benedick into duelling Claudio by stating 'Ah, how much might the man deserve of me that would right her'. Here Beatrice i s trying to manipulate Benedick into duelling Claudio cannot do it herself so she needs convince Benedick into the man that will deserve

Pizza Hut Company

Pizza Hut Company Company Background Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain. It operates franchises internationally. The company operates in the food industry and offers food items like pizzas, pastas, garlic breads, breadsticks, drinks, and desserts. It provides catering service and franchise opportunity. The company was founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney and is based in Plano, Texas. It is a subsidiary of Yum Brands Inc. (Pizzahut , 2015).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pizza Hut Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pizza Hut runs three different formats of restaurants – first is the family dining in restaurants, second is the delivery and carry on types, and third is where the first and second are merged together. Pizza Hut restaurants aim at providing the best quality product and service to its customers. The vision of the company at inception was to provide a special pizza eating experience and 55 years later , the company still prioritizes customer satisfaction above everything. The vision of the company is to be the number one pizza company in the world and the mission of the company is to bring favor to life. Pizza Hut’s objectives or â€Å"customer promise† as they call it, is to invent the most flavorful experiences and never be boring. The chain has 15,605 restaurants in 92 countries worldwide in 2014 (Yum, 2015). In China alone, there has been a 25% rise in the number of restaurants and 22% rise in the number in India (Yum, 2015). However, the largest number of chains is still in the US, which is the largest market for Pizza Hut. Situational Analysis How did the company start? Two brothers, Dan and Frank Carney, in Wichita, Kansas, started the company in 1958. In the fifties, a pizza parlor was a rarity in America, and when they opened one, it proved to be a successful business venture. Theirs was a humble venture with $600 lent to them by their mother and they partn ered with John Bender. A year later they started opening other Pizza Hut restaurants and franchises. The company believed in a policy of aggressive marketing and it grew fast in the 60s. By 1966, Pizza Hut already had 145 franchises across US (Vlessing, 1998). In 1968, the company opened its first international restaurant, in Canada and by 1970 it had opened restaurants in Germany and Australia. Due to its fast expansion and aggressive marketing policy, the company had to undergo certain structural changes in order to sustain growth. Their advertising expenditure in the local market increased from $942000 in 1972 to $3.17 million in 1974 (Vlessing, 1998). The company merged in PepsiCo in 1977. Throughout the 80s, Pizza Hut bought new competitors and aggressively acquired those who threatened their number one position.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Initially Pizz a Hut faced local competition mostly from regional players like Shakey’s from Denver and Pizza Inn from Denver (Vlessing, 1998). The company faced strong growth through the 80s, expanding rapidly. However, in the 90s, there were challenges and in the early 90s, PepsiCo expanded into the emerging markets. By 1997, Pizza Hut operated in 90 countries around the globe. PESTEL Political Factors: Pizza Hut is an international restaurant chain and therefore face various regulatory and political turmoil occurring in various parts of the world. Political issues may include regulatory framework that affects the operations in a particular country. The business is open to risks that are inherent to international operations. They are susceptible to social and ethnic unrest as well as local corruption. The restaurants must comply with the local government’s license and regulations. In the Middle East, the restaurants are subject to local laws concerning security, labor, health, sani tation, and safety. Internationally, the restaurants are subject to tariffs and regulations on commodities and equipment that are imported. They are also subject t to anti-bribery and corruption laws (See Appendix table 1). Economic Factors: the global and local economic condition may affect the operations of the chain. Some economic factors that may adversely affect operations of the chain are increased unemployment, fall in disposable income, and decline in consumer confidence. Other macroeconomic factors such as increasing inflation and dwindling exchange rates may become a serious impediment to sales growth of the chain. UAE has one of the fastest growing economies with booming industries and high consumer spending, which is a positive factor that will influence the growth of the chain in the country. Social Factors: Pizza Hut is a symbol of American commodification and faces unrest from ethnic and social groups in other countries who oppose Americanization of their culture. Tho ugh the company strives to localize their menu offerings and imparting the image of a local chain, it often faces challenge. UAE has a young population with 41% of the population belonging to the age group of 15 to 44 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Further the demand for American fast food in the country is increasing (Valdini, 2012). Technological Factors: Pizza Hut is spending a lot of its revenue on technological advancements in order to meet the demands of the tech-savvy market. For instance, the company is investing amount $30 million in 2014 (Yum!, 2014). It is planning to adopt a smart technology that will anticipate the customer’s need before she places the order (Nield, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pizza Hut Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will help in better services. Further, for delivery orders, the chain is testing Uber-Esque technology to track orders (Taylor, 2015). Thus, updating technology is essential to keep up with the technological changes occurring in daily life. Environmental Factors: These factors differ depending on the region they are operating in. A company can be charged of being harmful to the environment. One of the reasons that a company can be accused of that is using materials that are not biodegradable, and Pizza Hut does that. Legal Factors: This includes taxes, quality requirements, and employees’ specifications. Legal compliance is essential in all the countries it operates in order to meet the legal needs and the regulatory framework of the nations. Therefore, to get licenses and permission to operate restaurants, compliance to regulations is essential (Yum!, 2014). Industry analysis Pizza Hut belongs to the retail food industry. It is made up of various forms of retailers such as supermarkets, supercenters, warehouse stores, convenience stores, etc. (Yum!, 2014). The fast food casual dining industry in the UAE is growing very fast due to the rise in disposable income, change in high-end shopping mall induced lifestyle, and increase in demand for Western fast food (Valdini, 2012). Therefore, Pizza Hut does not hold a significant position in the overall industry (Yum!, 2014). The Pizza food service sales in the UAE have been growing at CAGR of 7.8% (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). In the fast food market, the largest brand is KFC based on the percentage of share based on sales. Pizza Hut has the third largest market share in the UAE (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). The fast food market is expected to grow at a very fast rate in the UAE, with the chained foodservice market to have an expected growth rate of 7.1% (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Further, pizza sales in UAE are expected to grow at a rate of 12.38% (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Competitor analysis The competitive environment in the fast food industry in UAE is highly fragmented. The m arket leader in fast food in UAE is Kuwait Food Co. (Americana), which holds 3% value share in 2014 (Europmonitor International, 2015).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Domino’s Pizza is considered Pizza Hut’s number one competitor. The control of the pizza market by Pizza Hut started to be threatened when Domino’s entered the market as a delivery only chain. Other competitors include Papa John’s Pizza and Figaro’s Pizza. Other direct competitors for Pizza Hut are Papa Johns and Figaro’s Pizza that also specialize in pizza and have a number of branches around the UAE, but not even close to those of Pizza Hut (Wong, 2014). Indirect competitors of Pizza Hut include Subway, McDonalds, and other restaurants located in the food courts. Those restaurants also offer a fast service, a good price, and are located in a lot of places. However, the variety and creativity of Pizza Hut’s menu keeps it going and succeeding. A recent awareness among the people of UAE about the health hazards about fast food has increased the demand for healthy options provided by companies like Kcal Extra, Healthtrendz, and Liveâ₠¬â„¢ly who concentrate on deliveries to homes and offices catering to the health conscious consumers (Flanagan, 2015). Others like DinnerTime and Detox Delight provide food for the health and diet conscious consumers (Flanagan, 2015). One factor that might affect the industry of Pizza Hut and fast food in general is the increased health awareness. Media and doctors are focusing on promoting a healthy life style. In the GCC and specially the UAE, the number of nutritionists and gyms is highly increasing (Yum!, 2014). This awareness promotes people to taking care of the food they eat and focusing on eating healthy food. Domino’s Pizza is Pizza Hut’s first strategic benchmark company. Domino’s are working hard on their long-term strategies. They started already with the Customize Your Own Pizza option in some of the countries. Further, the company faces competition from other full-service restaurants as Pizza Hut operates in this market in the UAE. Customer analysi s The target market of Pizza Hut is both male and females of various age groups from all nationalities. The specific age group targeted is 12 to 40 years. They offer various pizzas that attract various age groups and nationalities. The price ranges at which the pizzas are offered are suited to low and middle income families. The targeted market is men and women, children, students, families, and travellers. The company has no geographic segmentation as it has its operations worldwide. The company follows lifestyle segmentation in the emerging Middle Eastern market where it has branded its restaurants as upscale dine-in. In the Middle Eastern market, Pizza Hut caters to a specific social class i.e. upper and middle class. More specifically, the target markets are those families who dine-out or order food at least once a week and have a high disposable income where a large portion of the target market’s spending goes to non-essentials. Target Segment of Pizza Hut The market siz e in the UAE is large as the country has a high percentage of young people with high disposable income and a high preference for American fast food. The target market of the chain is segregated based on the food they offer. For pizzas and pastas, they target a demographic group of 10 to 40 years of age, both male and female. Pizza Hut targets families with children, young professionals, and students. They target middle and upper middle class families in the Asian and emerging markets while in Europe and the US market they target low and middle class families. In terms of geographic segmentation, Pizza Hut puts a lot of importance on its expansion and sale in in the Middle East. The targeted market here is people within the age group of 20 to 40 and belonging to the upper to high-income group. Potential Size of Target Market The emerging and developing economies hold much more promise than developed countries. Figure 3 in the appendix shows that the emerging countries are more optimi stic about the growth prospects of GDP as well as the future of children in their country. Hence, from a futuristic view, targeting the emerging markets is an opportunity that Pizza Hut should undertake. According to the US poverty line, a household earning $10-20 daily belongs to the middle class and upper middle class is a household with income over $20-50 (Kochhar, 2015). Households with annual income over $73000 or above annually belong to the high-income group. Kochhar (2015) points out that the rise of the middle-income group has been highest in emerging economies like China, South America, and Eastern European countries. Further, the major population belonging to the upper-middle class and high-income group lived in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific region (Kochhar, 2015). The fast food industry in the UAE had a $8.5 billion market in 2013 and is expected to grow further (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Hence, the target market of the young professional group b elonging to the age of 20 to 40 years will be rising in emerging economies (see figure 2 in Appendix). Top 3 strategic problems The three most important strategic problems faced by Pizza Hut are – Changing food preference and increasing health consciousness of the target market and introduction of healthy eating alternatives posses a threat to the market. Zero sales growth of Pizza Hut in the UAE by change in year on year sales from 2009 through 2013 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Lack of aggressive promotion in the UAE market of the popular products by Pizza Hut. For instance, Chicken Shawarma Pizza of Pizza Hut is one of the best selling ordered products of the chain, however, marketing for the product was short-lived. Recommendation Marketing Mix In the UAE the highest growth in the fast food service market are for full service casual dining and delivery model-based food service companies. In the full casual dining experience, the Pizza Hut holds the largest m arket share. However, Domino’s is the market leader in the delivery service (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Product Building On Existing Product Pizza hut concentrates on offering local flavors to cater to the local markets. Pizza Hut needs to expand its menu offerings in the UAE. For example, Chicken Shawarma Pizza is part of the Flavors of the Arabia, which has 5 pizzas with flavors made to meet the Middle Eastern tastes. However, in the UAE only the chicken variant was introduced when there is a high demand for the beef variant. In addition the range includes Sujuk Pizza, Tawok Pizza, Sujuk Spirals, and Lemon Zaatar wings, which have been advertised in the UAE when the product was introduced, however, remain unavailable in the market. It is a strategic mistake to have made a promise in the advertisement and not committing to it as this creates negative image among consumers. Price Based On The Competitive Chart Price should be based on the marketing strategy that Pizza Hut employs and not directly based on the rice chart of its competitors. The prices must be competitive but concentration must be on building a brand and not start a price war. Further, Domino’s is gaining market through its online ordering business while Pizza Hut ahs not been able to match the sales rise in the digital age. Promotion Strategy The competitive rivalry between Pizza Hut and Dominos has led both the companies into price and promotional war. However, Pizza Hut has tried to move away from the business model followed by Dominos and caters to the dine-in experience of customers rather than the delivery business. Promoting restaurants with better ambience and happy dining experience will capture the mission and vision of the company and present a different form of competition to Dominos. Stakeholders According to the Yum Brand the stakeholders in their business and in turn for Pizza Hut are supply chain solutions board, the franchise associations, local commu nities, animal welfare societies, environmentalists, health and nutritionists, etc. (Yum! Brands, 2014). Budget The company should include three main strategies in their budget expenditure – first, innovating their services by increasing efficiency and better product offerings, second, entering emerging markets as inexpensive luxuries targeting the middle class and not only the upper-middle and high income group, and third, revamping their marketing campaigns. Further, many products are not properly marketed and promotion strategy is short-lived. Hence, proper budget should be in place to promote their products in the UAE market. Budget Plan Idea of returns and Sales Projections Table 3 in the appendix shows the growth of sales and marketing cost of Pizza Hut. The figures show that the sales of Pizza Hut are expected to decline based on the trend of sales in last three years (2012 through 2014). However, the cost of marketing will increase continuously. Finding the year-on-ye ar growth of sales since 2012 through 2014 was used to project sales of Pizza Hut. The compounded average growth rate is derived using the sales growth figures, which is then used to compute the trend in sales. The marketing cost was projected using the growth rate of marketing cost for 2013 and 2014. This is a warning sign for Pizza Hut, as it should revamp its product offering and boost marketing strategy to increase sales. References Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015. Foodservice Profile The United Arab Emirates. [Online] Available at: agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-region/middle-east-and-north-africa/foodservice-profile-the-united-arab-emirates/?id=1432740194697 . Europmonitor International, 2015. Consumer Foodservice in the United Arab Emirates. [Online] . Flanagan, B., 2015. UAE health food market booming but is it getting too fat? [Online] Available at: thenational.ae/business/the-life/uae-health-food-market-booming-but-is- it-getting-too-fat . Gruley, B., 2014. Twilight of the Pizza Barons. [Online] Available at: bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-07-03/dominos-little-caesars-pizza-founders-contrasting-legacies . Kochhar, R., 2015. A Global Middle Class Is More Promise than Reality. [Online] Available at: pewglobal.org/2015/07/08/a-global-middle-class-is-more-promise-than-reality/ . Nield, D., 2014. Subconscious Pizza HUt Menu Knows What You Want Before Yuo Do. [Online] Available at: digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/pizza-huts-new-eye-tracking-technology-knows-want-menu/ . Pew Research Center, 2014. Emerging and Developing Economies Much More Optimistic than Rich Countries about the Future. [Online] Available at: pewglobal.org/2014/10/09/emerging-and-developing-economies-much-more-optimistic-than-rich-countries-about-the-future/ . Pizzahut , 2015. Our History. [Online] Available at: http://pizzahut.com.ph/about/our_history.php . Taylor, K., 2015. Pizza Hut Is Testing Uber-Esque Delivery Tracking Tech. [Online] Available at: entrepreneur.com/article/245897 . Valdini, C., 2012. Industry focus: Fast food in the UAE. [Online] Available at: arabianbusiness.com/industry-focus-fast-food-in-uae-483500.html . Vlessing, E., 1998. Pizza Hut Inc. [Online] Available at: encyclopedia.com/topic/Pizza_Hut_Inc.aspx . Yum, 2015. Restaurant Count. [Online] Available at: yum.com/investors/restcounts.asp . Yum! Brands, 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility Report. [Online] Available at: yumcsr.com/about/stakeholders.asp . Yum!, 2014. YUM! Annual Report. [Online] Available at: yum.com/annualreport/pdf/2014yumAnnReport.pdf . Appendix Table 1: PESTEL Analysis of Pizza Hut Political 0 Economic +2 Social +4 Technological +4 Environmental -1 Legal +2 Table 2 Competitors Pizza Hut Domino’s Papa Johns Product Pizza and fast food Pizza and fast food Pizza and fast food Service Restaurant and delivery service Restaurant and delivery service Restaurant and delivery service Production/Quality Con centrates of serving local taste and diversification of market. Focuses on delivery within 30 minutes and hence efficiency. Concentrates on taste and delivery efficiency. Location 94 countries worldwide. Around the world. Europe and US. Market Share The largest Pizza chain in the US and globally. 16.7% sales in US in 2013 (Gruley, 2014). Second largest pizza chain in the US and globally. 11.1% sales in US in 2013 (Gruley, 2014). Third largest is Papa Johns in the US. 7.3% sales in US in 2013 (Gruley, 2014). Figure 2: Growth and future (Pew Research Center, 2014) Table 3: Pizza Growth Rate (Source: 2014 Yum Brand Annual Report) Sales Forecast 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Income Sales 993 609 607 611.73 608.31 608.75 Growth rate -0.387 -0.003 0.008 -0.006 0.001 CAGR -0.91 Expense Marketing Cost Forecast Marketing Cost 173 180 187.28 194.86 202.75 Growth rate 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040

Jack Welch - A Simple Leader of Genius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jack Welch - A Simple Leader of Genius - Essay Example The custodial concept shows employees' orientation on money. It is known that one of the manager's needs is security, which is provided by using this concept, the result of which is simple passive cooperation. The supportive and collegial theories also take their place, main principles of them being orientation on support and self-discipline respectively. But getting to know Jack Welch closer one becomes sure that this person used none of these theories, having created his own one, which turned the top managers of the global companies into talented and oriented leaders. Jack F. Welch became a CEO in General Electric when he was 45, thus being the youngest manager of such level at the time. He spent his entire career with G.E., and with this company he has developed his concept of ever-continuous development of the company. In the late 1970's it was already becoming apparent, that the G.E. Corporation was facing a state of being a victim of the global economy. National companies were losing their consumers, because foreign companies produced better goods for lower prices, and this was accepted by Welch as a very important sign. In his work he used the idea of all businesses being No.1 or No. 2 in their area, otherwise they were to be "fixed, closed or sold" (Tichy and Sherman, 16). He sold $12 billion of low profit businesses and bought $26 billion of highly profitable ones, thus allowing the profits and sales to increase from $1.5 billion in 1980 to $5.2 billion in 1993. Welch has created a whole leadership philosophy, due to which G.E. has acquired the strongest balance sheet. Jack Welch was not simply a successful CEO - he was and is an undisputed all-time champion of the corporate leadership. When Welch became a CEO, G.E. had a great number of problems, which were long-lasting and could become invisible for most of the top managers. First of all, the earnings of the company grew too slowly, capital expenditures were too high, thus making the capital flow slow as well, productivity growth was no more than 1-2% per year. He also noted that management was taking decisions too slowly, the company was overfilled with bureaucracy and he felt that in order to keep the company flowing, he must bring it through the most radical changes that have ever been accomplished in it. He has formulated the six rules of management, which are so unique and universal at the same time that could be used not only in managing a company, but almost in every sphere of human life. 1. Control your destiny, or someone else will. According to this principle the employees must control their destiny themselves, that is, Welch gave them some kind of freedom in taking decisions. He strongly believed that this would make companies successful, opening talents and capabilities of workers. Now we are constantly amazed by how much people

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Written Assignment #5 - Essay Example because of their association with big organization, and their capability to purchase and stock high volume commodities, act as a distributor of the product. Traditionally, wholesalers were believed to be just an intermediary in the channel with no value addition to the customers, because of the common perception that value addition is done by the retailers only, who sell the final goods. But in the context of ever changing marketing scenario, this has been modified. Customers demand more and have higher expectations from their suppliers, especially distributors. Out of stock for a long time after placing order increases the lead time which is not desirable and it may result in customer penalizing both the wholesaler and the retailer for the incomplete order. Today, customer loyalty is based on supplier performance. Performance is both in terms of quality and timely delivery of the specified products. Customers’ ever increasing expectation of the value added services provided w ith the requirement without any additional cost has been responsible for exerting enormous pressure to the retailers. Thus, in order to handle the requirements, wholesalers must step forward and take proactive actions in terms of close integration with the customers by simplification of the distribution process in a timely and cost effective way and must ensure that the customers are perceiving value added services as unique (udel.edu, n.d.). Potential of the Internet as an efficient and effective communication channel appeared obvious due to the ease of global reach; ease of access; enhanced interactivity; speedy and flexible transaction of large amounts of information in a cost effective way and maintenance easiness (Pyle, 1996; Jones & Visayasarthy, 1998). Modern wholesalers and retailers are dependent on internet in the following

Lone Wolf Terrorism Definitions Essay

Lone Wolf Terrorism Definitions Essay Lone wolf terrorism and mass killings can be argued to be a global phenomenon today. The definitions incorporated in the literature concerning Lone wolf terrorism do not differ greatly. According to Spaaij (2010) in The Enigma of Lone wolf terrorism: An assessment the term lone wolf terrorism encompasses terrorist attacks which are carried out by one person, who does not belong to an organised terrorist group. According to Spaaij, attacks which are carried out by couples or small cells do not qualify as lone wolf terrorists. The clearest definition from STRATFOR (a provider of geopolitical analysis and global intelligence) by Stewart, Scott and Burton (2008) of lone wolf terrorism is similar to an extent to the relation of Spaaij. STRARFOR states that lone wolf terrorism is defined as a person who acts on his or her own without orders from or connections to an organisation. Over the past decade, an increased number of lone wolf terrorist incidents have occurred over the world. Additionally, there are a diverse number of mass killings that have occurred, including shooting sprees by motivated individuals. Janet Napolitano the US Secretary of Homeland Security recently stated that individual terrorism is a problem which is also increasing. Historical background Lone wolf terrorism is known not to be a new phenomenon in our society. Comparable examples of lone wolf terrorism are highly visible during nineteenth-century anarchism. Mikhail Bakunin a Russian anarchist is known for stating that violence occurs by individuals due to the desire to participate in an activity which is revolutionary (Bakker and de Graaf 2010). It was suggested by Bakunin that those involved in small associations along with individuals should assassinate those who symbolise an existing social order. Bakunins interpretation galvanised terrorist incursion in multiple fragments of Europe. History illustrates that individual anarchists were involved in a number of incidents in opposition to establishments which embodied the significance of bourgeoisie norms and values (Kushner, 2003). Novak (1954) states that in the twentieth-century anarchists strongly believed that individual terrorism was both an approach which was rewarding and significant. In the United States during the latter period of the twentieth-century lone wolf terrorism was related to anti-government extremists and white supremacists (Novak 1954). It is defined by Kaplan (1997) that leadership resistance is whereby an engagement of anti-state violence is practised by lone wolves and where lone wolf individuals are independent of association. A past representative of the Ku Klux Klan; Louis Beam (1992) also a known white supremacist, popularised the concept of leaderless resistance. Louis beam had a judgement that individuals should function independently of each other and should not seek direction. During the late 1990s, Alex Curtis and Tom Metzger white supremacists dominated the expression lone wolf. (Anti-Defamation League, 2002). It was established by Curtis and Metzger that it is difficult to distinguish lone wolf terrorism compared to usual forms of terrorism. My Interests/Why I have chosen this topic? A number of reasons triggered my interest in mass killing and lone wolf terrorism, therefore, encouraging me to pursue this topic. The attack which occurred in Oslo, Norway by Anders Breivik contributes as a catalyst of interest in lone wolf terrorism and lone mass killings. Anders Breivik killed seventy-seven people in two terrorist attacks. Additional interests of mass killing were attacks performed by mass killer Seung-Hui Cho who went on a shooting spree in his university in the United States. An additional incident of mass killing that further increased my interest was the Aurora cinema shooting that occurred in Colorado in summer 2012. What was interesting about these cases to me was the motivation to why these lone individuals resulted in such methods. I was also interested in exploring the psychology of these mass killers and lone wolf terrorists, the main question I wanted answering was; what did they all have in common? According to Hewitt (2005), academic literature illust rates that the confines of lone wolf terrorism are habitually vague. Such examples are of attacks transmitted on individual particular motivation, such as mass killers or political assassinations. Hoffman (1998) states that a violent act committed by a lone wolf terrorist and a mass killer are similar however their rationale and motivation are different. There is a lack of academic literature comparing the psychological state of lone wolf terrorists and mass killers. Therefore an increased interest of mine is to analyse the commonalities of mass killers and lone wolves and what psychological factors contribute to their motivations and state of mind. What questions have been prompted for my research project? The questions that have been prompted for my own research project is; what are the motivational reasons to why mass killers and lone wolf terrorists resort to such methods? Furthermore, whether there are any psychological issues which mass killers and lone wolf terrorists suffer from; at their current time or at any time in their life. According to What a killer thinks by Cullen (2012) it states that; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦most of these mass murders are committed by criminals who fall into three groups these three groups are the delusional, psychopaths and suicidal and depressed. The examples of case studies given in this article are of Seung-Hui Cho, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Furthermore, according to Hewitt (2003) in Understanding Terrorism in America he argues that the extent of psychological disturbance is significantly high among lone wolves. Motivational reasons in relation to academic literature that I have read there is a diverse range of motivational reasons and patterns. The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism; an Assessment by Saiij (2010) states that the main ideological categories of lone wolf include ideologies such as White Supremacy , nationalism and Islamism. From literature I have learned that the main motivational factors for lone wolf terrorism are that of political ideologies or religious views. Stern (2003) argues in Terror in the Name of God that lone wolves come up with their own ideologies that combine personal vendettas with religious or political grievances. I will further analyze different profiles of lone wolf terrorists and lone mass killers which will further broaden the understanding of differing motivational factors of lone wolves and mass killers. A further interest of mine is what are the common weapons used in attacks? An additional question I ask is; what are the different methods of operation us ed by lone wolf terrorists and lone mass killer. What is already known? From enlarged study of academic literature and articles it is already known that both lone wolf terrorists and mass killers have suffered from psychological issues at one point in their lives. Martha Grenshaw (1992) states in How Terrorists think; that the strongest motivations of terrorism is vengeance. She states that individuals; particularly desire to avenge not oneself but others, especially people thought to be responsible for injustices. Grenshaw also states that attention is a reward this is also popular amongst those who have felt neglected by society or ignored. An example to support the claim that attention is a reward can be the profile of Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh was obsessed with his legacy whilst he was on death row. McVeigh desperately wished for his biography American Terrorist to be published before his death, he strongly believed that he would go down in history as a great American patriot similar to Alexander Hamilton or Thomas Paine (Springer 2009). Furthermore, psychologist Todd Walker (2007) answers the question; What drives a mass killer like Seung Hui Cho? Walker responds that when an individual feels wounded they feel they have the right to seek à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦revenge and restitution. This contributes one of many psychological reviews which relate to mass killers and the motivation behind their attacks. Analytical studies have illustrated that a high rate of lone wolf terrorism occurs in the United States compared to any other western country. This was established by Hewitt (2003), who analyses the increase in victimization by lone wolves from 1955 following up to the years in 1999. Hewitt states that lone wolf terrorism has become an ascending threat in North America, he also states that lone wolf terrorism; has greatly increased in recent decades. How others have approached similar research questions. Other literature authors have approached similar research questions in diverse ways. The main aim for many authors is to establish the definition of lone wolf terrorism. However the motivation for lone wolf terrorism is also a key approach to the understanding of why individuals become lone wolves. Patterns of radicalization are also a research approach to which authors have conducted. I shall be analyzing this form of approach in relation to my research question related to lone wolf terrorism and mass killers. Questions that havent been answered From diverse literature materials, I have noticed a trend which relates to questions about how to fight lone wolf terrorism. This can be viewed to be a weakness in prior research as there are a numerous range of unanswered questions. Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism (Bakker and Graaf 2011) ask a question; How to deal with the threat of lone wolf terrorism and the challenge of identifying, targeting and arresting persons who act entirely on their own? They state that this question has not been appropriately answered therefore causing the issue of how to reconcile fundamental principles of open societies with guaranteeing security to citizens. Academic literature of conventional terrorism emphasises the influence of leaders and training. The inequity between the discerned intimidations of lone wolf terrorism and the focus on contemporary terrorism which incorporate group form manifests the requirement for a greater theoretical examination to facilitate a greater understanding of lone wolf terrorism. A weakness in academic literature is the issue that literature is vague about the degree to which contemporary accounts of terrorism can contribute to the development of performance of lone wolf terrorists. This therefore supports my consideration of a diverse range of question relating to the motivations, nature and the modus operandi of lone wolf terrorism. Debates on topic area There is a large debate on lone wolf terrorism and the issue of preventing it. Available literature explains that there is not a concrete answer to the questioning of whether lone wolf terrorism can be stopped and also how to deal with the threat of lone wolf terrorism. There are a small number of counter terrorist responses. According to Alex Shone (2010), the key factor of the UKs Counter Terrorism response regarding lone wolf terrorism occurrences is in knowing how attacks may occur however not whom would carry out the attacks. Shone believes that counter terrorism services need to adopt a method of using a sensitive detective system. An additional debate on how to deal with the threat of lone wolf terrorism relates to the factor that there are commonalities shared between lone wolves and therefore a way to deal with the this threat would be to scrutinize and work together with afflicted communities. Furthermore it is believed by counter terrorist responses that it would be; à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rewarding to compare and study the nature of potential triggers or catalyst events in the radicalization process of lone wolves. (Bakker and de Graaf 2011) It is illustrated in literature that counter terrorism responses can only partially reduce the threat of lone wolf terrorism as the challenge to prevent it is viewed to be huge. There is increased analysis needed regarding the modus operandi of lone wolf terrorists and their radicalization process. According to Bakker and de Gaaf (2011) they state that is crucial that experiences, data and policy makers and researchers are present in order to develop various feasible responses to lone wolf terrorism. The platform my sources provide There are a number of platforms which sources provide for my dissertation. My sources illustrate clear definitions of lone wolf terrorism which give me a clear understanding of the concept. There are also a number of case studies and profiles of lone terrorists and mass killers who use methods of shooting sprees. This platform is significant to the extent that it enables me to compare and contrast the commonalities between lone wolves and mass killers. These sources have facilitated me to withdraw significant commonalties and also distinguish trends between lone wolves and mass killers. They have also enabled me to have a concise and clear understanding which has significantly contributed to my study.

John leo Essay

In John Leo’s article, â€Å"No books, please; we’re students’’, Leo discusses the issues with current college students and their lack of drive and ambition. Leo provides his readers with a multitude of statics and example why he feels college students have become lazy and disengaged. Leo introduces his readers using a survey from UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute stating, â€Å"Only 35 percent of students said they spent six or more hours a week studying or doing homework during their senior year in high school; down from 43.7 percent 1987.’’ John Leo’s article claims that college students are losing an interest and enthusiasm for college. John Leo fills his article with statics and quotes from professors and teachers complaining about the lack of will power student have. â€Å" The real problem is students who won’t study,’’ wrote a Penn rSate Professor in the article. Leo also stated† disengaged rudeness† was the common attitude.† Leo’s article slams today’s college students on many levels. Leo’s article uses terms such as, disengaged, ignorant, and â€Å"inarticulate† to describe college students in today’s society. Leo clearly support his arguments and options with actual quotes from professors but I do not agree with his approach nor his arguments. Being a college students is not only about reading books and is definitely not only about students. There are plenty of professors that clearly don’t care or don’t like their jobs. Students can tell if a professor is passionate about a subject just like a professor can tell if a student is truly lazy or just struggling with the subject. Assumptions are being made on college students through Leo’s arguments. Leo did not thoroughly look into his students because his arguments are one sided. Leo does not provide his readers with the pros and cons, only the negative light is shed on how students learn or lack there of. John Leo’s article, â€Å"No books, Please; we’re students’’ targets today’s college students and negativity shows one side of a student’s life. Leo uses statistics and quotes from an array of professors to show the lack of interest college students show in today’s society but his approach is  extremely one sided and not thoroughly executed. More research and quotes from multiple views should have been provided.

Communication And Newspaper Essay

Racism and sexism were a major part of the 1950s and 1960s, with very few newspapers or magazines being able to maintain neutrality in their printed word against such hate. The Watts riots of Los Angeles in the movie, Heat Wave, involved attacks of a bigoted police force against black individuals who had very little education, were living in poverty, with most of the people having no jobs–with unemployment being higher here than anywhere else. Many of these individuals felt they were being prejudiced against, with only five of the actual 205 police officers involved in the riots being African-American. In the movie, the Los Angeles Times reporter was played by Robert Richardson, as white reporters were not allowed in the area, which was a reverse discrimination of the riot itself. The whole picture was about racism, poverty, desperation, and feelings of anxiety and striking out against the world with feelings of   â€Å"enough is enough.† It also is about how someone in the lead role of a intolerant and racist police chief can influence whole neighborhoods of the African Americans, leading them to feelings of hopelessness and despair, eventually leading to the Watts riot which led to even more riots across the country as people began rebelling against their treatment. The movie Crash was also portrayed in Los Angeles, and also involves racism and prejudice. If possible, in a more dramatic way it regards how people interact with each other and how they develop a first impression based on race or statement, forming feelings of prejudice. It seems as if the movie is totally about relationships and different races of people, telling how we get all messed up inside and form wrong impressions about things that maybe later on we would never consider. The role of Officer Hanson in Crash psychologically seems to continue from the raging police in Heat Wave, yet here it shows that behind the scene of their abusive personality, it shows another side of racism in a different form of view, even though it brings up more violence and maybe other things causing it. It is a step-up in the picture of how discrimination, racism, and sexism develop in societies and within individuals. It is not always a black and white scene, but has many variables involved in it. In Crash, the viewpoint changed from the reporter’s view on how something can happen like a riot of minorities, or a car hi-jacking, as portrayed to the public or world to see how something can develop from the viewpoint of the stereotyped races—eventually even seeing things from the viewpoint of the police and why they feel the way they do. The third way of thinking refers to the scene in the movie Come See The Paradise, almost as if completing the circle of prejudice and racism. The writer of Crash felt that intolerance was a collective problem that needed to be explored along with shared humanity, almost as a â€Å"gang effect.† In the movie Come See The Paradise, Jack McGurn is a union organizer in New York City that is parallel to the police in the other two movies in regard to status and position, but finds himself on the wrong side of the law, also similar to the car hi-jackers or the rioters in the previous two movies. Fleeing to Los Angeles, he becomes involved in the Asia-American world, which involves racist and sexist as the blacks or Japanese, but he is the one who is prejudiced against when he tries to marry Lily, an Asian-American woman, by her father. The state of California also is prejudiced by their relationship by refusing to marry them, which forces them to flee to Seattle where they can wed. Prior to the prejudice and rioting of the 50s and 60s, â€Å"Civilian Exclusion Order No. 92† became the forced removal of all Japanese and Japanese-Americans from their homes into detention camps, with very few actually knowing where they were going or why. After WWII was over, and the Japanese Internment was actually admitting to as a wrong–doing by the United States, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was passed to make sure that the Japanese Americans were repaid for being locked up like criminals, during a time when prejudice and fear took away the rights of our citizens because they were of another nationality involved in a wrong-doing. This was a time when citizens of the United States lost their rights because of who their race was against the power of the United States. They literally had to stand in-line to toilet, to eat, were told when to go to bed, etc.—meanwhile losing their homes, jobs and many family members. Needless to say, their dignity and pride were torn away because they were Japanese, not because of what they did wrong. Similar to the African-American racist riots in the 1960s, with many of the blacks forced into jail and torn away from their homes because they were black, the Japanese were treated just as bad. The African-Americans targeted were jobless, homeless, and drifting throughout life—which were automatic red flags for white police to pick them up. During the Japanese Internment, just being Japanese was an automatic red flag to be put in detention camps during WWII. With about 120,000 of these Japanese-Americans being forced into the camps, it was held in little regard that 2/3 of them were actually American citizens, and had rights under our Constitution, even though they were a minority group. They simply were unlucky enough to be Japanese during a time when the bombing of Pearl Harbor occurred, and they became the focus of the United State’s hate and prejudice. Living in the camps for three years under armed guards, this became a shameful period for our country when we had the audacity to treat our own people this way when they had done nothing wrong other than become a victimized race.   At one time, the Constitution of the United States actually protected the rights of our citizens, but the perfect union was not perfect during this WWII period or even later on, as the minority groups became a separate entity during the WWII as opposed to being a citizen of respect, as did the African-Americans during a later period, and is to this day. In my opinion, the similarity of the Japanese Internment period and the rioting of the 50s and 60s have changed very little, with one group locked up in detention camps and the other in prison. Both groups are imprisoned more due to race and color, by ignorant and bigoted individuals of authority who choose to separate themselves from their victims as beings of superiority. Very few looked at their victims and ask, â€Å"what kind of life did they lead before this moment, and what led to this?† and â€Å"do they consider themselves as criminals and doing wrong, because they were born Japanese or Black?†Ã‚   And did any of the answers justify the actions of their jailers? Race and racism is part of the United States and has very little to do with ethics or morality of the human race. Do we have room for a neighbor of another nationality? No—at the present time due to 9/11 the same thing is happening. How many people who are of the same race as the terrorist groups, are being punished by the United States and its citizen, being questioned in detention camps year after year, and with torturous techniques labeled as acceptable by our President? How different is this from the Japanese Internment period, or the locking up and beating of the African-American people simply because they were overly populated, living in extreme poverty, or uneducated? It is not†¦and we repeat history again and again, never learning compassion or empathy, which is why we are so popular with third world countries that are uneducated, poverty stricken, and over-populated—and who we are 100% prejudiced against.    Bibilography There needs to be the information here of the newspaper coverage, â€Å"the Readings,, of the Japanese-American Intemment during WW2 and the civil Rights movement of the late 1950`s,† which I do not have.

What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2595 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Critically discuss Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR? Date authored: 08 th August, 2014. This essay will commence with showing that a definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is required and will then provide a definition and an indication of the scope. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR?" essay for you Create order CSR will then be broken down into groupings and each looked at from a company perspective to show the advantages of CSR and risks when not using CSR. Companies have a choice; and the implications of not conducting CSR will also be considered. There is very little legislature on the subject of CSR. The nearest available is environmental standards in the UK and Internationally by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). (ISO 14000, 2006). The newer Social Responsibility standards (ISO 26000, 2010) are only guidelines, with no fixed rules or framework for an organisation to certify to the standards. It is no surprise, therefore, that many companies define CSR in their own way, and thus can set their own objectives which they can easily attain. When it is born in mind that CSR can have such a wide range of practices that support it, it is easy for a company to pick and choose what it does. So, for a discussion of CSR, a single consistent definition is required . The definition that will be used here is from the European Commissions 2011-14 corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy, which defines CSR as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (UK Government, 2014: 3). According to the Business Minister, Jenny Willott, MP â€Å"Corporate responsibility is at the heart of successful businesses.† (Willott, 2014). That means that it refers to a set of actions performed by a company, over and above its normal business, that contributes towards sustainable development. Corporate Social Responsibility can include a wide range of factors, from ethical and fair trade to reputation and brand management. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 2014) identifies additional issues as part of CSR, including animal welfare, diversity and equal opportunities, community investment, giving aid to local organisations and communities in developing countries and helping to build the skills of the local people through community based development. CSR can affect goodwill, employment practices, expansion, stakeholders, company standards, company strategy and much more. One survey on the main reasons that companies engage in CSR puts top management interest as the number one reason, with company reputation, profit, customers expectation and attracting employees following close behind (Habisch, et al., 2005). It is usual to identify these factors in a good light (as a bonus to the companies) and it is common to see CSR statements in companies annual reports and glossy handouts. However this can draw attention to a companys practices and can be disastrous when non socially-responsible practices are exposed in the media. For example Nike when they were accused of using child labour in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan. (Urip, 2011). Note that Nike went through a huge transformation as a result and are now considered an industry leader in the area of CSR (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). So CSR has a very wide remit. Buy why should companies take on CSR? To analyse this, it is necessary to group all the parts of CSR so that each one does not have to discussed individually. For the grouping, we use Schwartz (2011), who breaks down CSR into three distinct parts; these being legal, economic, and ethical. Each of these will be addressed in turn. Addressing those parts of CSR which are covered by UK law, there is limited legislation in the UK on the subject of CSR. One reference is in section 172 of the companies Act, where it says: â€Å"A director of a company must act in the way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole, and in doing so have regard (amongst other matters) to †¦ the impact of the companys operations on the community and the environment† (Companies Act, 2006). Other countries have more strict legislation, for example in Denmark, there has been an obligation for larger businesses to consider and report on CSR since 2009 (Gorrissen Federspiel, 2014). In California, large manufacturers and retailers have to disclose what actions they are taking to address the risks of human trafficking and forced labour in their supply chains (Altschuller, 2011). It is clear that non-compliance with any legal requirements (whether CSR or otherwise) carries great risk and can cause the company to be prosecuted and potentially put out of business. The economic issues would appear to make sense in that when following a CSR practice, the company can also save money, which translates to increased profit. One example is hotels that allow you to choose between reusing your towel and having it replaced depending on where you leave it after you have used it. This can save the hotel water and electricity t o wash it, while still offering the guest the choice (McElhaney, 2008). However where Pernecky and Là ¼ck (2013) suggest holding Virtual Meetings rather than physical meetings, thus saving travel, meals, hotels, etc. looks like it is a CSR policy that just saves money. However it is important to measure whether the virtual meetings attain the required objectives. Thus it is not always obvious which practices will lead to economic advantages, or which economic CSR approaches will meet the requirements of the business. The ethical issues, such as a company taking a CSR approach without having to or clearly having economic benefits can also be used to gain positive publicity (Idowu Filho, 2009), which can raise the image of the company, thus providing longer term benefits, such as increased goodwill. Idowu Filho go on to say that this can be used for marketing to show that the company is ahead of its rivals due to its CSR approach. One advantage of CSR is brand demarcat ion. Many companies look for something which will set them apart from the competition. For example the Excel centre, a large conference venue near Canary Wharf in London has achieved six awards relating to CSR, for example The Sunday Times â€Å"Best Green Companies† award (Excel, 2014). If a company is looking for a conference venue in London, and Excel is implementing CSR whereas another venue is not, this gives the client a reason to select Excel, and something extra the company can say on its marketing. So it is an advantage for Excel to support CSR which can lead to directly affecting the bottom line. Local support and getting licences can be made easier for a company if it has a CSR policy. Such a company is seen locally as a good company and this can improve how the company is seen by locals and can help to provide support for the companys plans where local support is an advantage (e.g. a new building, opening late into the night). Having a CSR policy which is implemented and draws peoples attention to it can help to distract the public from other things that could have negative implications for a company. For example if a company have very high board members pay, this can lower the publics view of the company. However if the company is seen to put the environment first, and it puts resources directly into supporting this, this can overshadow the board members pay (Grayson Hodges, 2004). A company that has a CSR policy throughout the company can improve the staffs attachment to the company. They believe that their work partly helps the community and can do much to improve morale. Also they may be keener to participate in events such as fundraising which they may do in their own time and gain the company goodwill whilst costing the company nothing (ibid). There is a trend moving towards CSR (Fiorina, 2003). With national and international standards on CSR related issues becoming more common, and laws likely to follow, ther e is a large bonus in getting CSR well embedded in a company before a law demands it. When laws are passed, this puts a fixed timescale on the changes to CSR. This can cause CSR to be implemented at an inopportune time, and a time when other companies are doing the same, and potentially costing many times more. However the situation is not all good. There are considered to be disadvantages of CSR and these must be understood and addressed before a company implements CSR. There are those who say that the sole purpose of a business is to make money (e.g. Friedman, 1970). Anything that detracts from that is considered to be a distraction from the businesss core function. This can make share-holders get fewer dividends because the company is involved in a scheme which costs money and resources to implement but does not directly add to the bottom line. This point can be countered by a company implementing CSR policies in order to reduce excessive inputs and wastes in their suppl y chain, which saves them money (Idowu Louche, 2011). To take a more recent example, the Commission for Green Tax Reform in Portugal put forward a proposal on 9th July 2014 for a package of environmental taxes. These would include additional taxes on fuel, air travel and the use of plastic bags (Lomas, 2014). In fact, Fleming Jones (2012) claim that CSR is fatally compromised and, when applied to large multinational corporations, does more harm than good. The claim says that many companies are not taking CSR seriously and only implement a few measures that help them make money and stop there rather than implementing a comprehensive CSR approach. One question is whether a companys CSR policy should also apply to all of its suppliers down the line. One example of this was in 2012 when Tazreen Fashions factory, a clothing making factory in Bangladesh caught fire and caused the death of 112 workers. The working conditions were appalling. This reflected badly on their custom ers, such as Wal-Mart and Sears, who sold products made in this factory. In the investigation, it was revealed that neither Wal-Mart nor Sears even knew that the products they sold were being made in this factory (Crane and Matten, 2012). However in general, CSR is becoming more and more important. If we just take environmental issues as an example, Bowdin, et al. (2006) shows that considerations of environmental issues are increasingly paramount. Without a set of standards there are no requirements from the government or standards organisations on implementation. Although there are demands from customers for CSR values (ibid), and as has been shown, the benefits are considerable, it falls to the companies themselves to implement CSR. And within the companies, it falls to the management of the company to set a CSR policy and use it to guide them throughout their company. If management plan and implement a CSR policy, it can be rewarded. For example some companies have C SR targets and executives who deliver or exceed these targets are rewarded (Horrigan, 2010). Alternatively, CSR can be built into the plan right from the start. An example of this is the Olympics, where a philosophy is so much built into the Olympic Games that it is built into their charter. (International Olympic Committee, 2014). As has been shown after mistakes such as at Nike, it can be critical to implement CSR policy throughout the organisation. Failure to do this can cause problems that can greatly affect the companys goodwill and thus its sales. All showing that a CSR philosophy can be vital for organisations and actually implementing the philosophy can lead to rewards whereas failure can lead to disaster. These days, all major companies have a CSR statement (Musafer, 2014). And their CSR statement is being looked at to see if it is really authentic or just superficial. Musafer (ibid) also claims that if a company is not implementing CSR in a genuine way, it ca n be very damaging to that company. To summarise, although CSR is not a panacea for any company, there are many CSR options that can be taken by companies which would benefit their company. In addition a failure to implement CSR approaches can be costly. However each company procedure should be considered as to whether it best suits the company to take a CSR approach depending on the costs and benefits (or risks). (2,070 [A4] words) Altschuller, S. A. (2011) Trafficking in Supply Chains, Inside Supply Management, issue October – November 2011 Bowdin G., Allen, J., OToole, W., Harris, R., McDonnell, I. (2006) Events Management 2nd Edition, Elsevier Ltd Companies Act (2006) Companies Act 2006: Part 10: Chapter 2: The general duties: Section 172 Available from www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/172 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Crane Matten (2012) An informed and thought-provoking analysis of what lies behind the headlines and headaches of business ethics and corporate social responsibility Available from https://craneandmatten.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/top-10-corporate-responsibility-stories.html [Accessed 3 August 2014] ExCeL (2014) ExCeL Londons Sustainability Policy . Available from https://www.excel-london.co.uk/about-excel/excel-and-the-environment [Accessed 2 August 2014] Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich J. Ferrell, L. (2013) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases Mason, Ohio: South Western Cengage Learning Fiorina, C. (2003) â€Å"Business for Social Responsibility Conference, November 12, 2003)† [Cited in Kottler, P. Lee, N. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.] Fleming, P. Jones, M. (2012) The End of Corporate Social Responsibility: Crisis and Critique London: Sage Publications Friedman, M. (1970) â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† New York: The New York Times Magazine Gorrissen Federspiel (2014) Specialisation: Compliance CSR Available from www.gorrissenfederspiel.com/uk/site.aspx?p=516 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Grayson, D. Hodges, A. (2004) Corporate Social Responsibility! Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Habisch, A., Jonker, J., Wegner, M. Schmidpeter, R. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe Heidelberg: Springer Horrigan, B. (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility in the 21st Century: Debates, Models and Practices Across Government, Law and Business Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd HSE: Health and Safety Executive (2014) Meeting your Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Available from www.hse.gov.uk/stress/furtheradvice/meetresponsibility.htm [Accessed 2 August 2014] Idowu, S. O. Filho, W. L. (2009) Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility Heidelberg: Springer Idowu, S. O. Louche, C. (2011) Theory and Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility Heidelberg: Springer International Olympic Committee (2014) Olympic Charter . Available from https://www.olympic.org/olympic-charter/documents-reports-studies-publications [Accessed 3 August 2014] ISO 14000 , ISO 14000 Environmental management. Available from https://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso14000.htm [Accessed 3 August 2014] ISO 26000 , ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on social responsibility. Available from https://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=42546 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Lomas, U. (2014) Green Tax Reform Proposed In Portugal Available from https://www.tax-news.com/news/Green_Tax_Reform_Proposed_In_ Portugal____65250.html [Accessed 1 August 2014] McElhaney, K. (2008) Just Good Business: The Strategic Guide to Aligning Corporate Responsibility and Brand San Francisco: Berrett-Koekler Publishers, Inc. Musafer, S. (2014) Corporate social responsibility: Measuring its value Available from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19876138 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Pernecky, T. Là ¼ck, M. (2013) Events, Society and Sustainability: Critical and Contemporary Approaches Abingdon: Routledge Schwartz, M. S. (2011) Corporate Social Responsibility: An Ethical Approach London: Broadview Press UK Government (2014) , Corporate Responsibility, Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/300265/bis-14-651-good-for-business-and-society-government-response-to-call-for-views-on-corporate-responsibility.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2014] Urip, S. (2011) CSR Strategies: Corporate Social Responsibility for a Competitive Edge in Emerging Markets Singapore : John Wiley Sons Willott, J . (2014) Corporate responsibility is at the heart of successful businesses Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/corporate-responsibility-is-at-the-heart-of-successful-businesses-willott [Accessed 2 August 2014]